Immigration debates in the United States tend to follow a familiar pattern. A controversial enforcement action occurs. Critics condemn the tactics of immigration agencies. Defenders respond that officers are merely enforcing the law as written. The discussion quickly collapses into moral outrage on one side and procedural defensiveness on the other. This framing misses the central issue. When enforcement repeatedly produces civil liberties violations, arbitrary outcomes, and public backlash, the problem is rarely limited to execution. It is institutional design. Laws that are structurally...