Introduction On July 14, 2015, the United States and its partners—China, France, Germany, Russia, and the United Kingdom, collectively known as the P5+1—signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with Iran. The JCPOA is a detailed document comprising over 150 pages of carefully curated diplomatic language. It aims to limit sensitive Iranian nuclear fuel cycle activities, while placing Iran’s entire nuclear program under intrusive monitoring by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in exchange for sanctions relief. The agreement came at a time of upheaval in the Middle...