In late February, longstanding tensions between Pakistan and Afghanistan erupted into open conflict, marking one of the most severe escalations since the Taliban regained control of Kabul in 2021. What began as targeted Pakistani airstrikes against militant camps in eastern Afghanistan has spiraled into cross-border offensives, artillery exchanges, and strikes on major Afghan cities, including Kabul and Kandahar. Pakistan’s Defense Minister Khawaja Asif declared an “open war” with the Taliban government following Afghan retaliatory attacks on Pakistani border positions. This flare-up, rooted...















