In 1924, the Lord Chief Justice of England quashed a criminal conviction over nothing more than an appearance. The clerk who had sat with the magistrates while they deliberated also worked for the firm that was suing the defendant in a related civil matter. No one suggested the clerk had said a word about the case in that room. The conviction was quashed all the same. Lord Hewart held that the appearance of interference was itself enough to taint the result, and that justice must manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done. The sentence has been read out in courtrooms ever since, because...
















